Ethnopharmacology, Biological Properties, and Phytochemistry of Medicinally Important plant of Arecaceae Family: A Comprehensive review

Malik  Saadullah; Maryam  Farrukh  <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5439-0284"><img src="https://lquestpub.com/assets/img/oric-id.png" width="17" alt="Oric Icon"></a> <a href="mailto:maryamfarrukh@gcuf.edu.pk"><i class="icofont icofont-email"></i></a>; Aiman  Atiq; Hamza  Sohail

doi:https://doi.org/10.66590/ijcmr2024010101

International Journal of Clinical and Medical Research

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ISSN Online: 3134-8831

About: International Journal of Clinical and Medical Research (IJCAMR) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality research in the field of clinical and medical sciences. The journal aims to provide a platform for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals to share knowledge, exchange ideas, and promote scientific advancement in healthcare.

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International Journal of Clinical and Medical Research | Year 2024 | Volume 1 | Issue 1 | Pages 1-30

Ethnopharmacology, Biological Properties, and Phytochemistry of Medicinally Important plant of Arecaceae Family: A Comprehensive review

Malik Saadullah¹, Maryam Farrukh ^2*

, Aiman Atiq³ and Hamza Sohail⁴
^1,3,4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
²Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan

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Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The family Arecaceae is one of the largest plant families in the world. It is widely distributed in tropical regions (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Middle Eastern countries and Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand). Traditionally, plants of this family were used to treat various disorders, like gastrointestinal ailments, diabetes, spasms, sexual dysfunction, nephritis, rheumatism, cough, diarrhea, and hypertension. Aim of the review: This review highlights the biological properties, phytochemistry, and chemotaxonomic classification of the phytochemicals of different species of the family Arecaceae. Materials and methods: The relevant information on the family Arecaceae was collected from scientific databases (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ACS Publications, PubMed, Wiley Online Library). Information was also collected from online databases and books. theses. The literature cited in this review dates from 2001 to June 2022. Result: About 141 compounds have been isolated from different species of the family Arecaceae, including flavonoids, fatty acids, terpenoids, fatty acid esters, sugars, fatty alcohols, vitamins, carotenoids, tannins, ceramide derivatives, glyceryl derivatives, stilbenoid derivatives, simple phenolic glycosides, sterols, alkaloids, lignans, amino acids, and phenolic compounds. Their structure and presence in each species of this family are presented in tabular form. In biological studies, the crude extracts and metabolites of the medicinally important species of the family Arecaceae have different biological activities, including, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, renal protective, antiparasitic, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti-mutagenic, antiinflammatory, anticancer, diuretic, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, antipalatelet, antiviral, antipyretic, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antitrichomonal, antiacetylcholinestrase, and antihypertensive. This review examines folkloric uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of selected members of this family.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.66590/ijcmr2024010101

URL: https://lquestpub.com/article/10.66590/ijcmr2024010101

INTRODUCTION

Herbal remedies, which have been employed in both traditional and modern systems since ancient times, are the earliest medical supplies that are known to exist. The WHO stated that herbal medicines are defined as herbs, herbal preparations, herbal finished products and herbal ingredients [1]. Around 80% of the world's population relies on herbal medicine for their primary healthcare requirements [2]. Patients favor herbal remedies over traditional ones due to a persistent illness and dread of surgery, severe morbidity, rising medical expenses and the drawbacks of innovative drugs [3].

Using plant components in their purest form, either fresh or dried, is a common practice in traditional medicine for treating and preventing a wide range of illnesses [4]. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids and glycosides are some of the major types of therapeutic phytochemicals synthesized by plants [5]. Medicinal plants are used to find and develop new therapeutic medications [6].

Figure 1: Graphical Abstract

Figure 2: The Plants of Arecaceae Family, (a) Areca catechu, (b) Cocos nucifera, (c) Caryota urens, (d) Mauritia flexuosa, (e) Phoenix dactylifera and (f) Euterpe oleracea

The Arecaceae, also known as the Palm family (palmeae), is one of the most well-known plant families [7] (Figure 2). This family belongs to the monocot order Arecales of flowering plants [8]. It has 181 genera and 2600 species and it is one of the largest families in the world. Bush species, woody trees or even grasses are examples of the physical and functional diversity among this family's species. It is primarily found in tropical regions [9]. Species of this family are mostly present in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand [9-11].

According to previous phytochemical studies, this family contains anthocyanidins, lignans, benzenoids, benzoquinone, monoterpenoids and nor isoprenoids [12], fatty derivatives, sterols, phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids and other classes [8].

Plants in this family have biological activities like hepatoprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-parasitic, antihypertensive, renal protective, cardioprotective, anti-microbial (antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral), anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-platelet, analgesic, anti-ulcer, neuropharmacological, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-Alzheimer [8] and anti-cancer activities [13].

Traditional Uses

The plants in this family are mostly used for medicinal purposes. According to a review of traditional medical practises, Chamaerops humilis is used as stipe or leaf extract for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, diabetes, spasms and digestive issues [14]. Regular use of Phoenix species has been traditionally used to treat sexual dysfunction, nephritis, rheumatism, burning feelings and cough [15]. Diarrhea is treated with a C. nucifera husk fibre extract in Brazil [16].

Herbal tea made from Hyphae thebaica is historically thought to be effective in treating hypertension [17]. Hypertension is treated with a decoction of the leaves of the Acrocomia aculeata plant [18].

The Colocasia gigantea tuber is used to alleviate drowsiness as well as to lessen "internal heat" (fever) [13].

Phyto-Constituents

Phytochemicals are biologically active, naturally occurring chemical substances that are present in plants and which enhance human health. Phytochemicals are plant compounds that shield plant cells from environmental dangers such dehydration, stress, UV exposure, pathogenic attack and pollution. Phytochemicals build up in a variety of plant tissues, including the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds [19]. Tannins, anthraquinones, alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, phlobatannins, saponins and reducing sugars are the major phytochemical components found in therapeutic plants [20].

Compounds 1-142 were isolated from medicinally important genra of Arecaceae (Table 1). Commonly, phenolic compounds are the major constituents of this family. Many fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, sterols, vitamins, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, amino acid, terpenoids, tannins, sugars, stilbenoid derivatives, glyceryl derivatives, alkaloids, lignan derivatives, ceramide derivatives and simple phenolic glycosides are reported in this family.

Flavonoids, including compounds 1-24, were isolated from H. indica (leaf extract), M. flexuosa (pulp and leaf extract), H. thebaica (fruit and epicarp extract), A. alexandrae (leaf extract), D. album (leaf extract), Caryota mitis (leaf extract), S. repens (pericarp extract), L. australis (leaf extract), S. edulis (peel extract), A. catechu (whole plant extract), R. rivularis (leaf extract), D. lutescens (whole plant extract ), H. verschaffeltii (leaf extract), A. alexandrae (leaf extract), C. urens (Base leaf extract), C. nucifera (fiber extract), P. dactylifera (fruit and pollen grain extract ), B. armata (fruit extract), S. zalacca (pulp extract) and W. robusta (leaf extract).

Fatty Acids: Isolated from S. wallichiana (seeds), A. catechu (whole plant extract), M. flexuosa (pulp extract), P. dactylifera (whole plant), P. loureiroi (leaf extract), E. oleracea (fruit extract), L. australis (fruit extract) and A. aculeate (fruit extract) are numbered 25-35 in Table 1
Fatty Acid Esters: Only one compound, numbered 36 was isolated from P. loureiroi (leaf extract)
Fatty Alcohols: Only one compound, numbered 37 was isolated from P. loureiroi (leaf extract)
Sterols: Isolated from S. wallichiana (root and fruit extract), A. catechu (whole plant extract), M. flexuosa (pulp extrcat), P. loureiroi (leaf extract), P. dactylifera (whole plant extract) and P. paludosa (leaf extract) are numbered 38-53 in Table 1
Vitamins: Isolated from C. nucifera (liquid albumen extract), L. australis (pulp extract), M. flexuosa (pulp extract) and P. dactylifera (whole plant extract) are numbered 54-60 in Table 1
Carotenoids: Isolated from M. flexuosa (fruit extrcat), numbered 61-63 in Table 1
Tocopherols: Isolated from M. flexuosa (pulp extract), numbered 64-67 in Table 1
Phenolic Compounds: Isolated from M. flexuosa (pulp extract), S. repens (pericarp extract), S. edulis (peel and pulp extract), R. rivularis (leaf extract), S. zalacca (pulp extract), L. chinensis (fruit extract), H. thebaica (fruit extract), C. nucifera (endocarp extract), A. catechu (whole plant extract ), W. robusta (leaf extract), P. paludosa (leaf extract) and B. armata (fruit extract) are numbered 68-98 in Table 1
Amino Acids: Only one compound, numbered 99 was isolated from C. nucifera (Liquid albumen/solid albumen extract)

Terpenoids, including compounds 100-104, were isolated from R. rivularis (leaf extract), P. dactylifera (leaf extract) and P. paludosa (leaf extract).

Tannins: Isolated from A. catechu (whole plant extract), numbered 105 and 106 in Table 1
Stilbenoid Derivatives: Isolated from C. nucifera (Endocarp extract), P. dactylifera (stem extract) and A. aculeate (seed extract), numbered 107-113 in Table 1
Glyceryl Derivatives: Only one monoacylglycerols compound, numbered 114 was isolated from L. chinensis (root extrcat)
Alkaloids: Isolated from A. catechu (whole plant extract), numbered 115-124 in Table 1
Lignan Derivatives: Isolated from C. quiquesetinervius (stem extract), numbered 125-132 in Table 1
Ceramide Derivatives: Isolated from L. chinensis (root extract), numbered 133 and 134 in Table 1
Sugars: Isolated from P. dactylifera (fruit extract) and P. paludosa (leaf extract), numbered 135-139 in Table 1
Simple Phenolic Glycosides: Isolated from S. repens (pericarp extract), numbered 140 and 141 in Table 1

Table 1: Phytochemical Compounds of Family Arecaceae

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
Flavonoids
1: Flavonol
1	Kaempferol	Hyophorbe indica, Mauritia flexuosa, Hyphaene thebaica	Leaf extract Pulp extract Epicarp extract	da Silva et al. [21] Pereira Freire et al. [22] Salib et al. [23]
2	Rutin	Archontophoenix alexandrae, Dictyosperma album, Mauritia flexuosa, Caryota mitis, Serenoa repens	Leaf extract Leaf extract Leaf extract Leaf extract Pericarp extract	Afifi et al. [12] Afifi et al. [12] Nonato et al. [24] El‐Akad et al. [25] Olennikov et al. [26]
3	Avicularin	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
4	Myricetin	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
5	Quercetin	Livistona australis, Salacca edulis	Leaf extract Peel extract	Kassem et al. [27] Kanlayavattanakul et al. [28]
6	Rhamnetin	Hyphaene thebaica	Fruit extract	Hussein et al. [29]
7	Isorhamnetin	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
2: Flavone
8	Apigenin	Ravenea rivularis, Mauritia flexuosa, Hyphaene thebaica, Livistona australis	Leaf extract Pulp extract Fruit extract Leaf extract	da Silva et al. [21] Nonato et al. [24] Hussein et al. [29] Kassem et al. [27]
9	Vitexin	Hyphaene thebaica,	Epicarp extract	Salib et al. [23]
10	Isovitexin	Livistona australis, Hyphaene thebaica, Dypsis lutescens	Leaf extract Epicarp extract Whole plant extract	Kassem et al. [27] Salib et al. [23] Almaatty et al. [13]	R₁=R₂=R₄=R₆=R₇=H, R₅=OH, R₃=Glu
11	Chrysoeriol	Areca catechu, Hyphaene thebaica,	Whole plant extract Epicarp extract	Salehi et al. [30] Salib et al. [23]
12	Acacetin	Caryota urens	Base leaf extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
13	Luteolin	Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Ravenea rivularis, Mauritia flexuosa, Areca catechu, Hyphaene thebaica, Livistona australis	Leaf extract Leaf extract Leaf extract Pulp extract Whole plant extract Epicarp extract Leaf extract	Elgindi et al. [32] Afifi et al. [12] da Silva et al. [21] Pereira Freire et al. [22] Salehi et al. [30] Salib et al. [23] Kassem et al. [27]
14	Tricin	Archontophoenix alexandrae, Dictyosperma album, Livistona australis	Leaf extract Leaf extract Leaf extract	Afifi et al. [12] Afifi et al. [12] Kassem et al. [27]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
15	Isoorientin	Mauritia flexuosa, Livistona australis	Leaf extract Leaf extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22] Kassem et al. [27]
16	Orientin	Mauritia flexuosa, Dictyosperma album, Livistona australis	Leaf extract Leaf extract Leaf extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22] Afifi et al. [12] Kassem et al. [27]
17	Neodiosmin	Phoenix dactylifera	Fruit extract	Fathy et al. [33]
3: Flavanol
18	Catechin	Mauritia flexuosa, Cocos nucifera, Hyophorbe indica, Brahea armata, Hyphaene thebaica	Pulp extract Fiber extract Leaf extract Fruit extract Fruit extract	Nonato et al. [34] Lima et al. [16] da Silva et al. [21] Hussein et al. [36] Hussein et al. [29]
19	Epicatechin	Mauritia flexuosa, Hyophorbe indica, Salacca zalacca, Brahea armata	Pulp extract leaf extract pulp extract Fruit extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22] da Silva et al. [21] Saleh et al. [10] Hussein et al. [29]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
4: Flavanone
20	Liquiritigenin	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
21	Eriocitrin	Hyphaene thebaica	Fruit extract	Hussein et al. [29]
22	Naringin	Phoenix dactylifera	Pollen grain extract	Abbas and Ateya [37]
23	Hesperetin	Hyphaene thebaica	Fruit extract	Hussein et al. [29]
24	Naringenin	Washingtonia robusta	Leaf extract	Selim et al. [38]
Fatty acids
1: Saturated
25	Lauric acid	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
26	Myristic acid	Areca catechu, Mauritia flexuosa	Whole plant extract Pulp extract	Salehi et al. [30] Pereira Freire et al. [22]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
27	Stearic acid (Octadecanoic acid)	Areca catechu, Mauritia flexuosa, Phoenix loureiroi	Whole plant extract Pulp extract Leaf extract	Salehi et al. [30] Pereira Freire et al. [22] Mondal et al. [15]
28	Palmitic acid (n- Hexadecanoic acid)	Euterpe oleracea, Acrocomia aculeate, Livistona australis, Mauritia flexuosa, Phoenix loureiroi	Fruit extract Fruit extract Fruit extract Pulp extract Leaf extract	da Silva et al. [21] da Silva et al. [21] Kassem et al. [39] Pereira Freire et al. [22] Mondal et al. [15]
29	Arachidonic acid	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
2: Monounsaturated
30	Oleic acid	Euterpe oleracea, Acrocomia aculeate, Livistona australis, Phoenix dactylifera, Areca catechu, Mauritia flexuosa	Fruit extract Fruit extract Fruit extract Whole plant extract Whole plant extract Pulp extract	da Silva et al. [21] da Silva et al. [21] Kassem et al. [39] Ahmed et al. [11] Salehi et al. [30] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
31	Palmitoleic acid	Phoenix dactylifera, Euterpe oleracea, Mauritia flexuosa	Whole plant extract Fruit extract Pulp extract	Ahmed et al. [11] da Silva et al. [21] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
32	Elaidic acid	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
3: Polyunsaturated
33	Linoleic acid	Euterpe oleracea, Acrocomia aculeate, Livistona australis, Salacca wallichiana, Phoenix dactylifera, Mauritia flexuosa	Fruit extract Fruit extract Fruit extract Seeds extract Whole plant extract Pulp extract	da Silva et al. [21] da Silva et al. [21] Kassem et al. [39] Ragasa et al. [40] Ahmed et al. [11] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
34	Linolenic acid	Euterpe oleracea, Phoenix dactylifera, Mauritia flexuosa	Fruit extract Whole plant extract Pulp extract	da Silva et al. [21] Ahmed et al. [11] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
35	Margaric acid	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
4: Fatty Acid Esters
36	Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester	Phoenix loureiroi,	Leaf extract	Mondal et al. [15]
5: Fatty Alcohols
37	2- Methyl Z, Z- 3,13- octadecadienol	Phoenix loureiroi,	Leaf extract	Mondal et al. [15]
Sterols
38	Cholesterol	Phoenix dactylifera	Whole plant extract	Ahmed et al. [11]
39	Stigmasterol	Phoenix dactylifera, Mauritia flexuosa, Phoenix loureiroi, Salacca wallichiana	Whole plant extract Pulp extract Leaf extract Root extract	Ahmed et al. [11] Pereira Freire et al. [22] Mondal et al. [15] Ragasa et al. [40]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
40	Campesterol	Phoenix dactylifera, Mauritia flexuosa	Whole plant extract Pulp extract	Ahmed et al. [11] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
41	Ursonic acid	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
42	Arborinol	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
43	3-acetyl ursolic acid	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
44	Fernenol	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
45	Arundoin	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
46	Cycloartenol	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
47	α-sitosterol	Phoenix dactylifera	Whole plant extract	Ahmed et al. [11]
48	β-sitosterol	Mauritia flexuosa, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix paludosa, Salacca wallichiana	Pulp extract Leaf extract Leaf extract Fruit extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22] Mondal et al. [15] Alam et al. [41] Ragasa et al. [40]
49	stigmastan-3,5-diene	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
50	β-Sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside	Phoenix dactylifera	Leaf extract	Suleiman et al. [42]
51	Ergost-4-en-3-one	Phoenix paludosa	Leaf extract	Alam et al. [41]
52	Ergost-4-ene-3,6-dione	Phoenix paludosa	Leaf extract	Alam et al. [41]
53	Stigmasta-4,22-diene-3,6-dione	Phoenix paludosa	Leaf extract	Alam et al. [41]
Vitamins
54	Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)	Cocos nucifera, Mauritia flexuosa	Liquid albumen extract Pulp extract	Lima et al. [16] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
55	Vitamin A	Phoenix dactylifera	Whole plant extract	Ahmed et al. [11]
56	Vitamin B1	Phoenix dactylifera	Whole plant extract	Ahmed et al. [11]
57	Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)	Phoenix dactylifera, Cocos nucifera	Whole plant extract Liquid albumen extract	Ahmed et al. [11] Lima et al. [16]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
58	Nicotinic acid (vitamin B3)	Cocos nucifera	Liquid albumen extract	Lima et al. [16]
59	Pantothenic Acid (vitamin B5)	Cocos nucifera	Liquid albumen extract	Lima et al. [16]
60	Vitamin E	Mauritia flexuosa, Livistona australis	Pulp extract Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22] Kassem et al. [39]
Carotenoids
61	α-carotene	Mauritia flexuosa	Fruit extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
62	β-carotene	Mauritia flexuosa	Fruit extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
63	Lutein	Mauritia flexuosa	Fruit extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
Tocopherols
64	α-tocopherol	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
65	β-tocopherol	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
66	δ-tocopherol	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
67	γ -tocopherol	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
Phenolic Compounds
68	Quinic acid	Mauritia flexuosa	Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22]
69	Veratric acid	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
70	Rosmarinic acid	Salacca edulis,	Peel extract	Kanlayavattanakul et al. [28]
71	Caffeic acid	Mauritia flexuosa, Ravenea rivularis, Salacca edulis, Hyphaene thebaica	Pulp extract Leaf extract Peel extract Fruit extract	Nonato et al. [24] da Silva et al. [21] Kanlayavattanakul et al. [28] Hussein et al. [29]
72	Chlorogenic acid	Mauritia flexuosa, Salacca edulis, Ravenea rivularis, Salacca zalacca	Pulp extract Pulp extract Leaf extract Pulp extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22] Kanlayavattanakul et al. [28] da Silva et al. [21] Saleh et al. [10]
73	Syringic acid	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
74	Protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid)	Cocos nucifera , Hyphaene thebaica, Livistona chinensis, Serenoa repens, Mauritia flexuosa	Endocarp extract Fruit extract Fruit extract Pericarp extract Pulp extract	Elsbaey et al. [43] Hussein et al. [29] Zeng et al. [44] Olennikov et al. [26] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
75	p-Coumaric acid	Serenoa repens, Livistona chinensis, Mauritia flexuosa	Pericarp extract Fruit extract Pulp extract	Olennikov et al. [26] Zeng et al. [44] Pereira Freire et al. [22]
76	O-Coumaric acid	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
77	Ferulic acid	Mauritia flexuosa, Ravenea rivularis, Areca catechu, Hyphaene thebaica, Serenoa repens, Salacca edulis	Pulp extract Leaf extract Whole plant extract Fruit extract Pericarp extract Peel extract	Pereira Freire et al. [22] da Silva et al. [21] Salehi et al. [30] Hussein et al. [29] Olennikov et al. [26] Kanlayavattanakul et al. [28]
78	4-hydroxybenzaldehyde	Livistona chinensis, Serenoa repens	Fruit extract Pericarp extract	Zeng et al. [44] Olennikov et al. [26]
79	3-hydroxybenzoic acid	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
80	3-methoxybenzoic (m-anisic)	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
81	4-methoxybenzoic (p-anisic)	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
82	2,4-dihydroxybenzoic	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
83	2,5-dihydroxybenzoic	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
84	2,6-dihydroxybenzoic	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
85	3,5-dihydroxybenzoic	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
86	2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
87	2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
88	Isovanillic acid (3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid)	Livistona chinensis, Serenoa repens	Fruit extract Pericarp extract	Zeng et al. [44] Olennikov et al. [26]
89	4-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-hydroxybenzoic acid)	Livistona chinensis, Serenoa repens	Fruit extract Pericarp extract	Zeng et al. [44] Olennikov et al. [26]
90	Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy - 3- methoxybenzoic acid)	Livistona chinensis, Serenoa repens, Areca catechu, Hyphaene thebaica	Fruit extract Pericarp extract Whole plant extract Fruit extract	Zeng et al. [44] Olennikov et al. [26] Salehi et al. [30] Hussein et al. [29]
91	Isovanillin (3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)	Livistona chinensis,	Fruit extract	Zeng et al. [44]
92	Gallic acid	Hyophorbe indica, Salacca edulis, Hyphaene thebaica, Washingtonia robusta, Serenoa repens	Leaf extract Peel extract Leaf extract Leaf extract Pericarp extract	da Silva et al. [21] Kanlayavattanakul et al. [28] Eldahshan et al. [46] Selim et al. [38] Olennikov et al. [26]
93	Resveratrol	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
94	Cinnamic acid	Hyphaene thebaica	Fruit extract	Hussein et al. [29]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
95	3-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid	Phoenix paludosa, Livistona chinensis	Leaf extract Fruit extract	Alam et al. [41] Zeng et al. [44]
96	4-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid	Phoenix paludosa	Leaf extract	Alam et al. [41]
97	5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid	Livistona chinensis	Fruit extract	Zeng et al. [44]
98	1-p-Hydroxybenzoyl glycerol	Brahea armata	Fruit extract	Hussein et al. [36]
Amino Acid
99	L-arginine	Cocos nucifera	Liquid albumen/solid albumen extract	Lima et al. [16]
Terpenoids
1: Triterpenoid
100	Betulinic acid	Ravenea rivularis	Leaf extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
101	Oleanolic acid	Phoenix dactylifera	Leaf extract	Suleiman et al. [42]
102	Lupeol	Phoenix paludosa	Leaf extract	Alam et al. [41]
103	Epilupeol	Phoenix paludosa	Leaf extract	Alam et al. [41]
104	Lupeol acetate	Ravenea rivularis	Leaf extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
Tannins
105	Catechins	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
106	Epicatechins	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
Stilbenoid Derivatives
107	Cassigarol G	Cocos nucifera	Endocarp extract	Elsbaey et al. [43]
108	Maackin A	Cocos nucifera	Endocarp extract	Elsbaey et al. [43]
109	Piceatannol	Cocos nucifera, Aiphanes aculeata	Endocarp extract Seed extract	Elsbaey et al. [43] Lee et al. [47]
110	Aiphanol	Aiphanes aculeate	Seed extract	Lee et al. [47]
111	Isorhapontigenin	Aiphanes aculeate	Seed extract	Lee et al. [47]
112	1-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl) ethylene; (Z)-form, 4-methyl ether. (syn: (Z) 3,5,3',5'-Tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene)	Phoenix dactylifera	Stem extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
113	1-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl) ethylene; (E)-form, 4-methyl ether (sy.: (E) 3,5,3',5'-Tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene)	Phoenix dactylifera	Stem extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
Glyceryl Derivatives
1: Monoacylglycerol
114	1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol	Livistona chinensis	Root extract	Zeng et al. [45]
Alkaloids
115	Arecoline	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
116	Arecaidine	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
117	guavacoline	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
118	guavacine	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
119	Isoguvacine	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
120	arecolidine	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
121	methyl nicotinate	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
122	Ethyl nicotinate	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
123	Nicotine	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
124	homoarecoline	Areca catechu	Whole plant extract	Salehi et al. [30]
Lignan Derivatives
125	Quiquelignan A	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
126	Quiquelignan B	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]
127	Quiquelignan C	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]
128	Quiquelignan D	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]
129	Quiquelignan E	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]
130	Quiquelignan F	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]
131	Quiquelignan G	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]
132	Quiquelignan H	Calamus quiquesetinervius	Stem extract	Chang et al. [48]

Table 1: Continued

Structure No.	Compound Name	Sources	Part used	Reference	Structures
Ceramide Derivatives
133	(2S,3S,4R,9Z)-2-[(2R)-2-Hydroxytricosanoylamino]-9-octadecene-1,3,4-triol	Livistona chinensis	Root extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
134	1-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,9Z)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxydocosanoylamino]-9-octadecene-1,3,4-triol	Livistona chinensis	Root extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
Sugars
135	Mannose	Phoenix paludosa	Leaf extract	Alam et al. [41]
136	Maltose	Phoenix dactylifera	Fruit extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
137	Sucrose	Phoenix dactylifera	Fruit extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
138	β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(6→6)-α-D-glucopyranoside	Phoenix dactylifera	Fruit extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
139	Maltotriose	Phoenix dactylifera	Fruit extract	Mohammed and Fouad [31]
Simple Phenolic Glycosides
140	6'-O-(4-Hydroxybenzoyl)-β-glucose	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]
141	6'-O-(3,4-Dihydroxybenzoyl)-β-glucose	Serenoa repens	Pericarp extract	Olennikov et al. [26]

This mentioned data revealed the chemotaxonomic classification of phytochemicals present in different genra of the family Arecaceae.

Biological Properties

The family Arecaceae has medicinal importance due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, sterols, tannins, flavonoids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The biological activities of various species of the family Arecaceae are highlighted below in Table 2.

Antimicrobial Activity

In Vitro as well as In Vivo studies have shown that the leaf extract of Elaeis guineensis exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity, effective against both bacterial and fungal infections, especially against the yeast Candida albicans [49]. M. flexuosa induce susceptibility to conventional antibiotics in Gram-positive, Gram-negative and Candida species [24]. The most efficient extract against bacteria was methanolic extract of A. catechu (18Escherichia coli growth was prevented by a leaf extract from C. nucifera [52]. With minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 190 to 3120 g/mL, the extract of Syagrus coronata exhibited bactericidal activity [53].

The PKnB kinase enzyme is inhibited by extract of onecapaus bataua but bacterial growth is unaffected. It has an IC₅₀ of 60.9 g/mL [54]. Staphylococcus aureus' growth was entirely prevented by the extract of Attalea speciosa at its highest dose (500 mg/mL) [55]. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were moderately sensitive to the aqueous methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of D. leptocheilos leaves [56].

When 30 µL of aqueous fruit extract of Borassus flabellifer was used, a 23mm-diameter zone of inhibition was seen against S. aureus [57]. Both S. aureus and E. coli were moderately susceptible to the mild bactericidal effects of aqueous fractions of C. mitis [58]. E. coli growth was slowed down by a S. edulis extract. At 100% concentration, the maximum inhibition zone was found (average diameter 18.783 mm) [59]. Bacillus subtillus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were all susceptible to the antibacterial effects of aqueous methanol extract of Hyophorbe verschaffeltii [60].

The PKnB kinase enzyme is inhibited by Euterpe precatoria but bacterial growth is unaffected. It has an IC₅₀ of 77.4 g/mL [54]. When mixed with chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline, Raphia hookeri extract was able to reduce the antibiotic concentration by up to 50% [61]. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are all susceptible to the antibacterial effects of oil of Chamaerops humilis [55]. Strong antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the ethanolic extract of H. thebaica fruits against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus [62]. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains were able to be inhibited and killed by the oil from Syagrus coronate [63]. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerigunosa and Bacillus cereus were all susceptible to methanolic extracts of leaves of Phoenix dactylifera. Gram-positive bacteria showed to be more susceptible than gram-negative bacteria [64].

Anti-Parasitic Activity

Hamsters infected with L. braziliensis were examined for response to ethyl acetate extract of Cocos nucifera. After 14 days, skin lesions in infected hamsters were reduced by the ethanolic extract of Cocos nucifera (300 mg/kg, 0.2 mL) [35].

Hepatoprotective Activity

It has been demonstrated that the aqueous dates extract has hepatoprotective properties [65]. It has been demonstrated that methanol extract of leaves of Elaeis guineensis works well as a hepatoprotectant [65]. According to this study, an aqueous flesh extract of Phoenix dactylifera can reduce the CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity [11]. Aqueous extract of Areca catechu provided significantly more protection against liver injury in rats at 2000 mg/kg (67-85%) compared to 500 and 1000 mg/kg (18-33%) [66]. D-galactosamine-induced histological alterations in liver were significantly inhibited by an ethanolic extract of Dypsis lutescens. The extract enhanced liver operations [67]. Both as an aphrodisiac and a cure for male impotence, date palm pollen can be used to manage sexual dysfunction [65].

Antioxidant Activity

The serum increases of the liver function markers ALT and AST caused by CCl₄ were greatly reduced and returned to normal (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively) following treatment with H. verschaffeltii leaf extract [32]. High radical scavenging activity is present in the hydro-alcoholic pulp extract of B. guineensis against DPPH [68]. Strong antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the D. leptocheilos aqueous methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction, with SC₅₀values of 12.8±0.56 µg/mL and 17±0.77 µg/mL, respectively [56]. The leaf hydro-ethanolic extract of Caryota urens has a significant antioxidant activity (21.25±4.51 mg/g) [57].

The antioxidant activity of extract of Borassus flabellifer was assessed every five minutes for the next thirty minutes. Thus, the DPPH percentage of radical scavenging was (56.69, 62.20, 62.99, 64.57, 66.14, 66.93 and 67.72%), correspondingly [57]. Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of Rhapis excels demonstrated outstanding antioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging activity (86.2 and 75.6%, respectively) [69]. 107.6, 126.7, 172.7 and 196.3 g/mL were the IC₅₀values, respectively, for the Methanol/Ultrasonic (MU), Methanol/Water bath (MW), Ethanol/Ultrasonic (EU) and Ethanol/Water bath (EW) extracts of Hyphaene thebaica [62].

Fruit of L. australis can help prevent oxidative damage to physiologically active compounds and lipid peroxidation [39]. For DPPH radical scavenging, the IC₅₀ values of methanolic extracts of endocarp and mesocarp of Calamus erectus are 0.10 and 0.12 mg/mL, respectively. When the concentration was raised, the antioxidant tests of both extracts improved [70]. When compared to aqueous extract (IC₅₀ = 25 g/mL), methanolic extract of Dypsis lutescens had the highest level of radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀= 18 g/mL) [13]. At 100.0 μg/mL, all extracts of Euterpe precatoria demonstrated significant radical scavenging activity [71]. The inhibition rates of oxidation using 0.4 mL of extracts from the pulp and kernel cake of S. romanzoffiana were 97.00, 0.43% and 95.13 0.7%, respectively [72].

E. guineensis leaf methanol extract shows strong hepatoprotective effects against paracetamol-induced liver injury in mice [73]. Dictyosperma album leaves have much higher antioxidant activity than Archinto-phoenix alexandrae leaves, with values of 243.51 and 129.40 g AECE/g (IC₅₀ = 60 and 108.5 g/mL, respectively) [12]. Phoenix dactylifera has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-mutagenic effects [11]. The ethyl acetate fraction of Sabal palmetto demonstrated strong free radical scavenging, reducing, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation inhibition abilities [74]. In comparison to its pulp, aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of peel of tucum-do-cerrado showed increased antioxidant activity [75].

Analgesic Activity

When compared to a control group, the ethanolic extract of Cocos nucifera significantly reduced writhing by 24, 34 and 52.4% at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, respectively [16]. At doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, p.o., of extract of Phoenix loureiroi, the percentage inhibition of writhes is 33.34, 57.04 and 66.62%, respectively [15]. At a dosage of 400 mg/kg, all the tested samples had variable substantial analgesic efficacy. The percentage of inhibition was higher in the entire ethanolic extract and EtOAc fraction of Caryota mitis than in the other samples (96.1 and 92.85%, respectively) [76].

In a hot plate test, oral administration of extract of Phoenix sylvestris at dosages of 300 and 450 mg/kg at 120 min (6.60±0.28 and 8.88±0.55) significantly lengthened the latency period to thermal stimuli [77]. In a formalin-induced test, methanolic extract (500 mg/kg) of Calamus rotang resulted in 68.47% inhibition while indomethacin provided 70.72% inhibition [78]. For dosages of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, b.wt., respectively, the leaf extract of Areca catechu showed greater antinociceptive action (55.8, 57.7, 86.5 and 88.5%) than the stem extract (30.8, 36.6, 40.9 and 59.6%) [79]. The amount of writhing caused by acetic acid decreased significantly at dosages of 150 and 300 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer (30.67±2.84 and 19.33±1.56, respectively) [80].

Renal Protective Activity

In a Wistar rat model, treatment with 10% coconut water lowered crystal formation in renal tissue and decreased the amount of crystals in urine. Additionally, the extract protected the kidneys from oxidative stress buildup and renal function decline [81]. Aqueous extract of date flesh effectively reduced the increases in plasma creatinine and urea brought on by GM nephrotoxicity and mitigated proximal tubular damage [82].

Cardioprotective Activity

Cardiovascular markers (CK-MB and troponin-T) are decreased in the serum at doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/ 100 g of Cocos nucifer [83].

Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activity

L. australis ether extract reduced blood cholesterol and triglycerides by 50 and 43.6%, respectively [39].

Anti-Hypertensive Activity

In Vivo experiments using methanolic extract (PSLME) and hydro-alcoholic extract of Phoenix sylvestris (PSLHAE) show antihypertensive and anti-diabetic effects without producing toxicity [84]. At a dosage of 25 mg/kg, extract of Cocos nucifera significantly reduced mean systolic blood pressure (from 185.3±4.7 to 145.6±6.1 mm Hg) in the deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension model [16].

Anti-Platelet Activity

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Ca⁺²ionophore-induced aggregation were most effectively inhibited by A. catechu [85].

Anti-Trichomonal Activity

C. nucifera husk fibre crude methanol extract showed significant antitrichomonal action (IC₅₀ value of 5.8 mg/mL) and activity was lower than that of metronidazole [16].

Effects on Bone Structure

Administration of virgin coconut oil significantly raised bone volume, avoided a decline in trabecular number and decreased trabecular separation [16].

Anti-Diabetic Activity

According to this investigation, the methanolic extract of Phoenix sylvestris inhibited both enzymes to varying degrees (26.45-78.48% for α-amylase and 38.28-76.07% for α-glucosidase) [86]. At 400 g/mL, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Phoenix roebelenii showed the strongest inhibitory efficacy. The maximum inhibitory effect for both α-amylase (75.5±0.66%) and α-glucosidase (77.5±1.07%) was displayed by the ethanolic extract, whereas the activity of the methanolic extract was 70.4±0.62% for α-amylase and 75.5±0.09% for α-glucosidase [87]. The extract of Phoenix dactylifera reduced the levels of creatinine (0.95±0.1, 0.92±0.5 and 0.86±0.4 mg/dL), urea (52.33±0.1, 45.9±1.4 and 36.54±1.3 mg/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (212.39±3.2, 191.11±1.9 and 182.91±2.3 mg/dL), respectively, in the blood at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg [88].

The percentage of α-amylase enzyme inhibition was 8.42±0.97% for concentrated C. urens flour up to 5 mg/mL, compared to 10.77±2.64% for cooked flour [89]. Methanolic extracts of endocarp and mesocarp of Calamus erectus showed concentration-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 1.69 and 2.00 mg/mL) and α-amylase (IC₅₀= 2.74 and 3.30 mg/mL), respectively [70]. A 0.2 g/kg oral dose of the extract of Raphia gentiliana decreased blood sugar levels [90].

Anti-Cancer Activity

Although the components of dates have demonstrated an anticancer effect, their precise mode of action in the prevention of tumours is unknown [11]. Methanolic extracts of A. catechu have anticancer effects on breast cancer and oral squamous carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2) [13]. Isovitexin, a component of Dypsis lutescens, has anti-cancer properties [91]. Salacca fruit extract was cytotoxic to vero cells and a normal human fibroblast cell line [59].

The methanol extract of Elaeis guineensis significantly damaged MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner [50]. Colorectal cancer Her2/CT26 cell proliferation was suppressed by trans-scirpusin A compound of Borassus flabellifer [92]. M. argun seeds were recommended for patients with human colon cancer risk factors and as an adjuvant therapy to cancer chemotherapy because they had chemopreventive effects against hepatocarcinogenesis [93].

Anti-Mutagenic Activity

Phoenix dactylifera fruit extract was found to have strong anti-mutagenic properties [11].

Diuretic Activity

At a dosage of 200 mg/kg, ethanol extract of Borassus flabellifer has significantly raised the urine levels of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl [94].

Anti-Diarrheal Activity

Phoenix dactylifera aqueous extract can be used to treat diarrhoea by lowering the mean number of faeces compared to the saline control group [11].

Anti-Viral Activity

Extracts of Phoenix dactylifera exhibit a potent capacity to reduce infectivity of Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14209-B1 [95].

Anti-Fungal Activity

Phoenix dactylifera possesses antifungal qualities in both its leaves and its pits [11]. At a dosage of 100 g/mL, methanol extract of leaf of Borassus flabellifer demonstrated antifungal activity against a number of different fungal species, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Candida blanki [96].

Anti-Pyretic Activity

The ethanol extract of Phoenix loureiroi significantly reduced pyrexia in a dose-dependent manner [15]. Significant antipyretic efficacy was shown by n-hexane and aqueous fractions of Caryota mitis against yeast-induced hyperthermia [76]. Hyperthermia was significantly reversed by a Borassus flabellifer extract [80].

Delivery and Labor Relaxation Activity

Date fruit components have a substantial impact on pain relief and relaxation during labour [11].

Male Infertility and Testicular Dysfunction Activity

Phoenix dactylifera pollens can raise testosterone levels in cirrhotic patients, improving their sexual well-being [11].

Female Infertilitily and Harmone Levels Activity

The herb Phoenix dactylifera can also be used to treat female infertility brought on by hormonal imbalance [11].

Anti-Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Activity

In Vitro spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine the anti-AChE activity. The enzyme was nearly completely inhibited by the extract of Areca catechu (90.1±0.4), demonstrating its high AChE inhibitory action [85].

Anti-Inflammatory Activity

C. nucifera root extracts reduced activities of 15-LOX (IC₅₀ = 24.57±1.16 and IC₅₀ = 8.31±0.73), sPLA2 (not determind (nd) and 24.68±0.08), COX-1 (nd) and 27.21±1.66) and COX-2 (nd and 39.41±1.36), respectively [97]. The microencapsulated oil from Acrocomia aculeata fruits also presented anti-inflammatory effects in paw edema and pleural edema models, both induced by carrageenan [18]. Methanolic extract of Ravenea rivularis at a dose of 125 g/mL showed an anti-inflammatory effect (66% inhibition) in comparison with dexamethasone at a dose of 50 ng/mL (65% inhibition) [32]. Aqueous extract of Areca catechu inhibited 5-LOX with an IC₅₀ of 25.07 [13]. Mice's intestinal inflammation could be decreased by P. loureiroi extract when given orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg [98]. In Vivo tests on paw edoema and ear erythema brought on by croton oil revealed anti-inflammatory efficacy in oil derived from Euterpe oleracea fruits. 1226.8 mg/kg was the typical effective dose [99].

The activity of butyrylcholinesterase was reduced by B. odorata extract, suggesting that it may have anti-inflammatory effects [100]. At 800 µg, a root extract from Borassus flabellifer reduced hemolysis and denaturation by 50% [101]. Ethanolic extract of Dypsis lutescens shows the ability to inhibit the pro-inflammatory enzymes hyaluronic acid (37.78±1.26 and 29.79±1.27) and matrix metallopeptidase (814.51±20.25 and 629.18± 18.64), respectively, at two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) [67]. Anti-inflammatory potential of Caryota mitis, its extract was able to attenuate the inflammatory response in mice paw edema induced by carrageenan at a concentration of 400 mg/kg [102]. The methanolic extract (500 mg/kg) of Hyophorbe verschaffeltii demonstrated continuous and significant suppression of edoema by 48.54 and 44.2% at 8th and 12th h, respectively, demonstrating longer-lasting anti-inflammatory efficacy than diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg) [60] (Figure 3).

Figure 3: A Schematic Diagram of Biological Activities of Bismarckia nobilis

CONCLUSIONS

The species of Arecaceae family are widely distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. This review summarizes the biological activities, phytochemical studies and traditional uses of species of Arecaceae family. A total of 141 compounds are mentioned in this review; these secondary metabolites are very effective for the treatment of several diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, spasms, nephritis, rheumatism, cough and digestive issues. Species of this family shows biological activities like hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, antihypertensive, renal protective, cardioprotective, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-cancer. On the basis of data collected in this review, it is evident that Arecaceae family comprises a wide range of biologically important plants.

Future Perspective

According to this review, the Arecaceae family contains a number of species that need additional study in terms of characterization and phytochemical studies. We hope that information from this review will facilitate future research initiates to develop new medicinal plant-based medication for treating different diseases such as hypertension, nephritis, rheumatism, diabetes and cancer. It is necessary to conduct the clinical study to gain a better understanding of their safety and efficacy to ensure that it can be beneficial to the humanity.

Acknowledgement

The department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences Govt. College University, Faisalabad supported this work.

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Key Words

Arecaceaebiological propertiesphenolic compoundsflavonoidssterolsphytochemicalsalkaloidstraditional usesanticancerantimicrobialantioxidant

Article History

Received April 14, 2024
Accepted May 22, 2024
Published June 30, 2024

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Copyright: © 2025 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source is properly cited.