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                <front>
                    <journal-meta>
                        <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Adv. Res. J. Comput. Sci.</journal-id>
                        <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">LQP-ARJCS</journal-id>
                        <journal-title-group>
                            <journal-title>Advanced Research Journal of Computer Science</journal-title>
                        </journal-title-group>
                        <issn pub-type="ppub">3134-884X</issn>
                        <publisher>
                            <publisher-name>Advanced Research Journal of Computer Science</publisher-name>
                        </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                    <article-meta>
                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.66590/arjcs2025020201</article-id>
                        <article-id pub-id-type="other">arjcs2025020201</article-id>
                        <article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">29-LQP-ARJCS</article-id>
                        <article-categories>
                            <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                            <subject>Research Paper</subject>
                            </subj-group>
                        </article-categories>
                        <title-group>
                            <article-title>AI-Driven Control Optimization in Electromagnetic Levitation Train Systems</article-title>
                        </title-group>
                        <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                                <name>
                                    <surname>Afzal</surname>
                                    <given-names>Rida </given-names>
                                </name>
                                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
                                    <label>1</label>
                                    <institution></institution>
                                    <addr-line></addr-line>
                                </aff>
                        <author-notes>
                            <corresp id="cor1">
                              <label>*</label>Corresponding author: Rida  (e-mail: <email>rida.99afzal@gmail.com</email>)
                            </corresp>
                        </author-notes>
                        <pub-date pub-type="epub">
                            <day>30</day>
                            <month>12</month>
                            <year>2025</year>
                        </pub-date>
                        <pub-date pub-type="received">
                            <day>15</day>
                            <month>11</month>
                            <year>2025</year>
                        </pub-date>
                        <pub-date pub-type="accepted">
                            <day>12</day>
                            <month>12</month>
                            <year>2025</year>
                        </pub-date>
                        <volume>2</volume>
                        <issue>2</issue>
                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                        <lpage>4</lpage>
                        <permissions>
                            <copyright-statement>©2026 the Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                            <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
                            <copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder>
                            <license license-type="open-access">
                            <ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
                            <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
                            </license>
                        </permissions>
                        <abstract><p>Magnetic levitation (Maglev) systems operate based on the principles of electromagnetic attraction and repulsion to achieve contactless suspension and transportation. However, Maglev train dynamics are inherently nonlinear and open-loop unstable, making control design a challenging task. This study focuses on the modeling, analysis, and control of a nonlinear Maglev system using three advanced control strategies: NARMA-L2, Model Reference Control (MRC), and Model Predictive Control (MPC). The performance of these controllers is evaluated through simulation under step input conditions to assess their effectiveness in achieving precise position control and system stability. Comparative results demonstrate that the NARMA-L2 controller outperforms the other approaches in terms of accuracy, response time, and robustness. Furthermore, the proposed control strategy enhances system stability and improves ride comfort and handling characteristics of the Maglev train.</p></abstract>
                        <kwd-group><kwd>Maglev Train</kwd><kwd>NARMA-L2 Controller</kwd><kwd>Model Reference Controller</kwd><kwd>Predictive Controller</kwd></kwd-group>
                    </article-meta>
                </front>
            </article>